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Browse the complete list of breeds and varieties for this species, along with the associations and federations that oversee them.

Summary of the species

The domestic pigeon is a highly adaptable, sociable bird derived from the wild rock pigeon (Columba livia). It is kept worldwide for companionship, exhibition, racing, and messenger tasks. Typical size ranges from 30 to 35 cm in length, with a weight of about 250–500 g and a wingspan of roughly 50–70 cm. It forms stable monogamous pairs and can breed year‑round under favorable conditions. Reproduction is prolific: a clutch usually consists of 1–2 eggs; incubation lasts 17–19 days; hatchlings fledge at about 23–29 days and reach sexual maturity within 4–6 months. In the wild, average lifespan is 3–5 years; in captivity, many individuals live 6–15 years, with occasional specimens exceeding 20 years. Domestic pigeons show an extraordinary range of color and feather patterns; breeders have developed hundreds of color varieties and forms.

Detailed origin

The domestic pigeon descends from the rock pigeon Columba livia, native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Domestication began at least 5,000–10,000 years ago, likely in the Levant or the Mediterranean region, where people kept pigeons for food, signaling, and companionship. From there, domesticated pigeons spread worldwide with human populations and trade, driven by selective breeding for racing, messaging, and exhibition. Modern lofts and breed registries have standardized many forms, yet the birds retain their remarkable ability to navigate home over long distances.

Detailed description

Morphology is a compact, rounded body with a short neck and stout bill. Wild-type plumage is blue‑grey with two black wing bars and iridescent neck feathers; domestic varieties exhibit immense diversity, including white, black, blue, pied, checker, and other patterns, as well as differences in size, head shape, and feathering on the feet. Typical measurements include body length 30–35 cm, weight 250–500 g, and wingspan 50–70 cm. Behavior is highly social and gregarious; they are monogamous and often form enduring pairs. Diet is primarily seeds and grains, with occasional fruits and invertebrates. Nests are simple cup‑shaped structures placed in lofts or sheltered ledges. Reproductive biology includes 1–2 eggs per clutch, 17–19 days of incubation, and a fledging period of 23–29 days. Geographic distribution is global due to widespread captivity and urban adaptation.

Available breeds

Known varieties